aiogram’da FSM: botda ko‘p bosqichli anketalar yaratish

Qisqa javob

FSM (finite state machine, holatlar mashinasi) bitta savolga javob beradi: «foydalanuvchi hozir anketaning qaysi savolini to‘ldiryapti». aiogram 3 da bu uchta narsa:

• StatesGroup — anketa bosqichlari ro‘yxati.
• Holat bo‘yicha filtrli handlerlar — har biri javobni faqat o‘z bosqichida qabul qiladi.
• FSMContext — bosqichni almashtirish (set_state), javoblarni saqlash (update_data) va anketani yakunlash (clear) uchun obyekt.

Quyida ariza anketasi: ism, telefon, xizmat, tasdiqlash.

Holatlar

from aiogram.fsm.state import State, StatesGroup

class Lead(StatesGroup):
    name = State()
    phone = State()
    service = State()
    confirm = State()

Bekor qilish va «Orqaga» — birinchi

Bu handlerlar anketa bosqichlaridan oldin ro‘yxatdan o‘tkaziladi. Aks holda «Bekor qilish» matni joriy savolga javob sifatida qabul qilinadi.

from aiogram import F, Router
from aiogram.filters import Command, StateFilter
from aiogram.fsm.context import FSMContext
from aiogram.types import Message, ReplyKeyboardRemove

router = Router()

QUESTIONS = {
    Lead.name.state: "Ismingiz nima?",
    Lead.phone.state: "Telefoningiz +998901234567 formatida:",
    Lead.service.state: "Qaysi xizmat kerak?",
}
ORDER = [Lead.name, Lead.phone, Lead.service, Lead.confirm]

@router.message(StateFilter(Lead), F.text.casefold().in_({"bekor qilish", "/cancel"}))
async def cancel(message: Message, state: FSMContext):
    await state.clear()
    await message.answer("Anketa bekor qilindi.", reply_markup=ReplyKeyboardRemove())

@router.message(StateFilter(Lead), F.text.casefold() == "orqaga")
async def back(message: Message, state: FSMContext):
    current = await state.get_state()
    idx = [s.state for s in ORDER].index(current)
    if idx == 0:
        await message.answer("Bu birinchi savol. " + QUESTIONS[current])
        return
    prev = ORDER[idx - 1]
    await state.set_state(prev)
    await message.answer(QUESTIONS[prev.state])

• StateFilter(Lead) shu guruhning istalgan bosqichida ishlaydi.
• «Orqaga» shunchaki holatni oldingisiga almashtiradi va savolni qayta beradi. Eski javob ma’lumotlarda qoladi va yangisi bilan almashtiriladi.

Anketa bosqichlari va tekshiruv

@router.message(Command("lead"))
async def start_lead(message: Message, state: FSMContext):
    await state.set_state(Lead.name)
    await message.answer(QUESTIONS[Lead.name.state])

@router.message(Lead.name, F.text.len() >= 2)
async def get_name(message: Message, state: FSMContext):
    await state.update_data(name=message.text.strip())
    await state.set_state(Lead.phone)
    await message.answer(QUESTIONS[Lead.phone.state])

@router.message(Lead.phone, F.text.regexp(r"^\+?\d{9,15}$"))
async def get_phone(message: Message, state: FSMContext):
    await state.update_data(phone=message.text)
    await state.set_state(Lead.service)
    await message.answer(QUESTIONS[Lead.service.state])

@router.message(Lead.service, F.text)
async def get_service(message: Message, state: FSMContext):
    data = await state.update_data(service=message.text)
    await state.set_state(Lead.confirm)
    await message.answer(
        f"Tekshiring: {data['name']}, {data['phone']}, {data['service']}.\n"
        "Yuboraymi? «ha» yoki «orqaga» deb javob bering."
    )

@router.message(Lead.confirm, F.text.casefold() == "ha")
async def confirm(message: Message, state: FSMContext):
    data = await state.get_data()
    # shu yerda arizani CRM yoki ishchi chatga yuborish
    await state.clear()
    await message.answer("Ariza yuborildi, siz bilan bog‘lanamiz.")

@router.message(StateFilter(Lead))
async def invalid(message: Message, state: FSMContext):
    current = await state.get_state()
    hint = QUESTIONS.get(current, "«ha», «orqaga» yoki «bekor qilish» deb javob bering.")
    await message.answer("Javobni tushunib bo‘lmadi. " + hint)

Tekshiruv qanday ishlaydi: filtr (F.text.len() >= 2, F.text.regexp(...)) faqat to‘g‘ri javobni o‘tkazadi. Qolgan hammasi oxirgi invalid handleriga tushadi va u savolni takrorlaydi. Holat o‘zgarmaydi, shuning uchun foydalanuvchi o‘sha bosqichda qoladi.

Telefon uchun KeyboardButton(text="Raqamni yuborish", request_contact=True) tugmasini va alohida @router.message(Lead.phone, F.contact) handlerini qo‘shish qulayroq.

Ombor: xotira yoki Redis

from aiogram import Dispatcher
from aiogram.fsm.storage.redis import RedisStorage

storage = RedisStorage.from_url("redis://localhost:6379/0")
dp = Dispatcher(storage=storage)

Redis uchun redis paketi kerak. Tashlab ketilgan anketalar cheksiz to‘planmasligi uchun kalitlarning yashash muddatini belgilash mumkin.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

• Bekor qilish anketa bosqichlaridan keyin ro‘yxatdan o‘tgan va hech qachon ishlamaydi.
• Noto‘g‘ri javob uchun handler yo‘q — bot jim turadi va foydalanuvchi u buzilgan deb o‘ylaydi.
• Yuborilgandan keyin state.clear() unutilgan — foydalanuvchi oxirgi bosqichda qolib ketadi.
• FSM’da katta ma’lumotlarni saqlash. U yerda anketa javoblarini saqlang, fayllar va tarix esa ma’lumotlar bazasida bo‘lsin.