aiogram 3 bilan Python’da Telegram-bot yozish

Qisqa javob

aiogram 3 dagi bot uch qismdan yig‘iladi:

• Bot — token saqlanadigan obyekt, u orqali Telegram Bot API metodlari chaqiriladi.
• Dispatcher — update’larni qabul qilib, handlerlarga tarqatadi.
• Router — handlerlar guruhi: xabar filtrlardan (buyruq, matn, kontent turi) o‘tganda ishlaydigan asinxron funksiyalar.

Quyida /start buyrug‘i, oddiy va inline klaviatura hamda tugma bosilishini qayta ishlaydigan bot. Python 3.9+ va @BotFather’dan olingan token kerak.

1-qadam. Muhit

python -m venv .venv
source .venv/bin/activate   # Windows: .venv\Scripts\activate
pip install aiogram

Tokenni kodga yozmang. Uni BOT_TOKEN muhit o‘zgaruvchisi orqali bering — shunda u Git’ga tushmaydi.

2-qadam. Klaviaturalar

# keyboards.py
from aiogram.types import KeyboardButton, ReplyKeyboardMarkup
from aiogram.utils.keyboard import InlineKeyboardBuilder

main_kb = ReplyKeyboardMarkup(
    keyboard=[[KeyboardButton(text="Xizmatlar"), KeyboardButton(text="Kontaktlar")]],
    resize_keyboard=True,
)

def services_kb():
    builder = InlineKeyboardBuilder()
    builder.button(text="Bot ishlab chiqish", callback_data="svc:bots")
    builder.button(text="Saytlar", callback_data="svc:web")
    builder.adjust(1)  # har qatorda bitta tugma
    return builder.as_markup()

• Reply-klaviatura telefonning oddiy klaviaturasi o‘rnini egallaydi; tugma bosilsa, uning matni xabar sifatida yuboriladi.
• Inline-klaviatura xabar ostida turadi; bosilganda botga chatdagi matn emas, callback_data keladi.
• InlineKeyboardBuilder tugmalar ma’lumotlardan yasalganda qulay: adjust() ularni qatorlarga joylaydi.

3-qadam. Router’dagi handlerlar

# handlers.py
from aiogram import F, Router
from aiogram.filters import Command, CommandStart
from aiogram.types import CallbackQuery, Message

from keyboards import main_kb, services_kb

router = Router()

@router.message(CommandStart())
async def cmd_start(message: Message):
    await message.answer(
        f"Assalomu alaykum, {message.from_user.first_name}! Bo‘limni tanlang.",
        reply_markup=main_kb,
    )

@router.message(Command("help"))
async def cmd_help(message: Message):
    await message.answer("Buyruqlar: /start — menyu, /help — yordam.")

@router.message(F.text == "Xizmatlar")
async def show_services(message: Message):
    await message.answer("Sizni nima qiziqtiradi?", reply_markup=services_kb())

@router.message(F.text == "Kontaktlar")
async def show_contacts(message: Message):
    await message.answer("Savolingizni shu yerga yozing, javob beramiz.")

@router.callback_query(F.data.startswith("svc:"))
async def on_service(callback: CallbackQuery):
    code = callback.data.split(":", 1)[1]
    await callback.message.answer(f"Siz tanladingiz: {code}")
    await callback.answer()

@router.message(F.photo)
async def on_photo(message: Message):
    await message.answer("Rasm qabul qilindi.")

@router.message()
async def fallback(message: Message):
    await message.answer("Tushunmadim. Menyuni ochish uchun /start ni bosing.")

Bu yerda muhimi:

• @router.message(...) dekoratori funksiyani xabarlar handleri sifatida ro‘yxatdan o‘tkazadi, @router.callback_query(...) esa inline-tugmalar bosilishini.
• Filtrlar dekoratorga beriladi: CommandStart(), Command("help"), sehrli filtr F (F.text == ..., F.photo, F.data.startswith(...)).
• Tartib muhim. Handlerlar yuqoridan pastga tekshiriladi va birinchi mos kelgani ishlaydi. Shuning uchun filtrsiz @router.message() eng oxirida turadi.
• callback.answer() majburiy: usiz foydalanuvchida tugma ustida yuklanish belgisi aylanib turadi.

4-qadam. Kirish nuqtasi

# main.py
import asyncio
import logging
import os

from aiogram import Bot, Dispatcher

from handlers import router

async def main():
    bot = Bot(token=os.environ["BOT_TOKEN"])
    dp = Dispatcher()
    dp.include_router(router)
    await dp.start_polling(bot)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
    asyncio.run(main())

include_router router’ni dispetcherga ulaydi. Router’lar ko‘p bo‘lishi mumkin: masalan, user_router, admin_router, payments_router — har biri o‘z faylida. start_polling long polling’ni ishga tushiradi: bot Telegram’dan o‘zi so‘rab turadi. Production uchun odatda webhook’ga o‘tiladi.

Ishga tushirish:

export BOT_TOKEN="123456:ABC..."   # Windows PowerShell: $env:BOT_TOKEN="..."
python main.py

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

• Handler ichida sinxron kod. requests yoki time.sleep butun botni to‘xtatib qo‘yadi. Asinxron kutubxonalar (aiohttp, ma’lumotlar bazasi uchun asinxron drayverlar) va asyncio.sleep dan foydalaning.
• aiogram 2 misollaridan kod. Eski qo‘llanmalardagi executor, dp.message_handler va types.ParseMode 3-versiyada ishlamaydi.
• callback.answer() unutilgan — tugma «osilib» qoladi.
• Bitta katta fayl. Handlerlarni boshidanoq router’larga ajrating, keyin bu qiyinroq.
• Token repozitoriyda. Token sizib chiqsa, uni @BotFather’da qayta chiqaring.